Infant mortality Essay Example for Free

Infant mortality Essay Infant mortality simply refers to the number of death amongst the young ones per 1000 births. In this historical study, infant mortality rate between a range of time starting from 1750 to 1917 is studied. Its rate varies from one century to another with the 18th century recording the highest number of deaths among the young. Progressing towards the 20th century, there has been a drastic decline in the death rate of infants. Some medical professionals believe that this is because of the social health reform and medical improvement during the 19th and 20 centuries. On the other hand, some scholars, like Thomas McKeown, strongly suggest that this is mainly attributed to the improved nutrition and sanitation of the infant’s environment (McKeown, 121). Thomas McKeown is the scholar who spearheaded the well known McKeown Thesis. There has been an ongoing debate between the two ideas about which played the main significant role in checking the rampant death of the infants for several decades featured in countless student reading, so who actually saw the truth between the 19 and the 20th centuries? Infant mortality reduced over the centuries starting in the late 19th and early 20th century in the United States. The highest rate of death among the infants was observed in the first half of the 18th century (McKeown, 65) , this high rate of infant mortality was viewed as caused by societal break-down and poor policies rather that specific pathological organism. This was considered as a reflection of a poor frame work in the society. Between 1750 and 1800, the infant mortality rate was at the peak with many of the infants succumbing to their diseases. At the time, the technical aspects in undertaking comprehensive investigation to establish the actual cause of the diseases and finally finding the cure had not been successful. Many infants therefore died in large numbers. The community attributed all this to the broad and unfortunate societal problems. Many major countries had areas with indecent housing, flooded basements, contaminated water supplies and poverty, resulting in diseases such as typhoid, scarlet fever, tuberculosis and typhus to thrive (McVeigh). This in the end challenged them to actually think of ways to handle these problems. What they have come to conclude was that prenatal and postnatal diseases were ultimately influenced by external factors such as food deficiency, alcohol and tobacco use (Mudd, 117). While diseases and disabilities that are determined during conception or after birth are invariably different, both their origins can still be potentially controlled. In the second half of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, the government of the United States came up with efforts to curb this menace. They recommended the removal of infants in the cities; this was considered a major success since most mothers who were residing in the city end up having their young ones dying at a tender age. Some prenatal diseases, for example was due to exposure to harmful toxins in the environment, thereby affecting the child’s development in the mother’s womb (Mudd, 117-118). This was viewed that the city exposed the young to unhealthy environment hence exposing them to diseases. The congestion in the city was also found to facilitate the spread of contagious diseases among the young. Various forms of pollutants were rampant in the city and therefore the infant could easily contract infections. Many women at the turn of the 18th century were working in gas lit factories and sweatshops, which may affect their pregnancy (McVeigh). The mothers were advised to settle in their rural homes where these hazards were considered to have minimal consequences on the infants. It was fortunate that legislations were finally passed during 1848 to promote genuine concern for public health (McKeown, 66). Similarly, international city in Great Britain during the era, as well as an important location throughout Europe and the rest of the world in terms of international trade and human transit. Because of so many international produce, goods and people arriving in London daily, it became clear to medical professionals that foreign bodies can often be the bearers of disease; from London, such illnesses were doomed to spread throughout the rest of the country. In helping London’s citizens stay healthy, infant mortality rates were automatically dropped simultaneously. By exploring London’s newspaper archives, as well as other contemporary newspaper articles and even the correspondence of health care workers during the era, the information concerning infant mortality rates can be gathered and compared. In contrast, some scholars, such as Thomas McKeown, strongly suggest that this is mainly attributed to the improved nutrition and sanitation (Colgrove). The milk supply was improved among the young one, because the milk handling and supply of edible products was improved by the government. This government strategy has been significant in preserving the life of infants at the time. Child hygiene was another factor considered in checking the high rate of infant mortality. A child hygiene program was established by the government to ensure the infants were provided with the highest quality of hygiene . With the advancement on the technological innovations, infant mortality reduced in significant proportions over the centuries. The discovery of the various medical equipments and apparatus including the microscope and the stethoscope in the late 19th century boosted the medical field’s capabilities to handle these challenges (McVeigh). Simultaneous to this, great strides in the improvement of education of interns started happening in Europe. The scientist who specialized in medical microbiology studied deeper and discovered very many minute microbes which were found to cause high rate of infant mortality. These microbes were found to thrive on unhygienic conditions therefore causing high rate of infant mortality. They were found to be rampant especially in poorly handled milk and other foodstuff. With these discoveries of stethoscope and the microscope in the 20th century, many diseases were kept under control. This was because scientists had become knowledgeable about health matters. Before this tremendous discovery, many minute microorganisms causing several diseases amongst the young ones were at large and scientists were puzzled with unchecked high rate of infant mortality. The electron microscope with high magnification enabled these scientists to recognize the various disease causing organisms including viruses and bacteria. They managed to know the specific diseases that these microorganisms caused and the appropriate control measures needed to keep them at bay. They came up with antibiotics to cure infection in the infants. Antibiotics such as penicillin were also discovered in the early 20th century. At this time, due to these discoveries and appropriate measures taken by the government, the infant mortality drastically reduced. Medical attention to the infants was considered a priority and hence reducing the rate of infant’s death. Another important factor in curbing infant mortality is the development of obstetrics and the rise of gynecology in that time (McVeigh). It encompassed all aspects of pregnancy, and allowed sanitary and safe conditions for the mother and child. Arguably, poor sanitary conditions during childbirth are also one of the main causes of infant mortality in earlier centuries. McKeown’s views on public health sparked controversy during the 1970’s and 1980’s with its focus on allocation of medical resources. While the foundation of his empirical views might be considered flawed today, it spearheaded studies of where should public health practitioners should focus their efforts and the most important determinants of a society’s mortality (Colgrove). The thesis he authored was about the explanation of the dramatic population growth from around 1770 to the present (Szreter). It stated that it was because of the domino effect of improved economic conditions: better standards of living and enhanced nutritional status that strengthened infant resistance to most diseases. His works have been about the synthesis of these advanced ideas and later on his works began getting much attention because of its profound content (Szreter). It was curious to note that it attracted more audiences during its later years, even though it didn’t substantially contain any new information. It was probably the stronger awareness in public health that caused this. However, McKeown will always be considered a figure of importance because of his role in shaping contemporary systems to prevent infant mortality. Other factors that can be attributed to a precipitous decline in infant mortality rate starting from the late 19th and early 20th century include the improvement in economic growth, improvement in nutrition, new sanitary measures by the government and advances in knowledge about infant care in the united states of America (Colgrove). Though little is known about how each of this factors contributed in the reduction in the infant mortality rate, a systematic review of the data from the specific period stressed that providing clean milk in market was the main contributor to this decline in the infant mortality . However, the writer of this journal was biased in the sense that handling milk supply and milk hygiene was not the only cause of infant mortality. It‘s important to note that the both technological advancement and improved nutrition played a very crucial role in checking the infant mortality rate starting from the late 18th to early 20th century. The perception that the high rate of infant mortality was due to societal problems and poor policies could not help in reversing the trend in the first half of the 18th century. Technological advancement saw the discovery of the various medical apparatus and equipments in the 20th century which helped in the reduction of high infant mortality rate. The scientists discovered the actual causes of these deaths being pathological organism which could be controlled. The economic growth and education enabled this scientist to conduct further research and hence control measures were devised which came up with cure for various diseases affecting the infants.

Breadtalk Enters Into Turkeys Market Economics Essay

Breadtalk Enters Into Turkeys Market Economics Essay According to Alden, et al. (1999, p.63) food and beverages are mostly viewed as a product category that is frequently consumed. As society grows demand of food increasingly raise the quantity and quality. The industrys market potential is extremely large. Seeing the needs and potential market BreadTalk Group Limited was founded and has been extremely successful in many countries. Founded as an FB operator in Singapore in 2000 and listed on the SGX in 2003, the BreadTalk Group Limited has rapidly expanded to become a distinctive household brand owner that has established its mark on the world stage with its bakery, restaurant and food atrium footprints. Currently, BreadTalk has a network of over 500 bakery outlets in 16 countries and more than 6000 employees. BreadTalk is market leader, higher economies of scale, continual and successful innovation, segment diversification, strong Franchise partnerships (Business overview, 2012). But in the next few years, challenges of BreadTalk are huge because of intense competition, market saturation, no direct control over overseas operations. Moreover the revenue of BreadTalk only two countries (Singapore and China) is the revenue drivers. Graph 1: Geographical Breakdown of Revenue Source: BreadTalk, 2011Looking at the chart we can see that China is currently one of its key markets outside of Singapore. This is not only the advantages but also potential ricks such as: depend on the China market, only invest in the China market and ignore other potential market. To maintain a competitive advantage and continue to lead the market, BreadTalk must have appropriate strategies: continues to lead the China market and seeking potential market as Turkey. In this paper, mainly focus on analyzing the environment of Turkey market in terms of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environment and Legal which is known as PESTEL to enter Turkey market. 1.2 Turkey Overview World-renowned strategist Professor Michael Porter has said that the Turkish economy has been superb improvement in competitiveness in recent years and proven its potential as a magnet for international investors. Turkey, strategically located in the Eurasia region as a gateway between Europe, Middle East and Central Asia, is a dynamic country with a robust economy and a young population, often described as the China of Europe. Turkey is the worlds 17th largest economy and a member of both the G20 and the OECD. With 73 million inhabitants, it is the second most populous nation in Europe, after Germany, generating a greater demand for product consumption. With the current potential it will be an inspiration to BreadTalk penetrated market. 2. Turkey environment analysis 2.1 The Political Environment Turkey political is element that BreadTalk couldnt control. Altogether, the general political of Turkey is stable. That is a positive factor for foreign investors and BreadTalk who intend to entry into Turkey market. Well analyze political factors to finding opportunities and challenges in Turkey. 2.1.1 Change of Government The change of government political environment in Turkey affects the business environment through the legislation and different regulations. Turkey has successfully carried out the structural reforms after the severe economic recession in 1999 2001. The reforms include market liberalization to promote foreign investment, privatization, agricultural reform, strengthen the banking system and fiscal discipline, monetary tightening policies to reduce inflation and a floating currency rates. Turkish government is creating new legislation to help the industry and different companies to grow and foreign investment to improve and make it better for Turkey as a national advantage. With the advantages of free trade and investment policy, many economists said that while the money withdrawn from the major economies, investors are pouring money into Turkey-fastest growing economy in Europe. This will create the favorable condition for BreadTalk activity in Turkey market. Because, BreadTalk will be support of government and feel safety when doing business here. 2.1.2 Corruption Corruption is one of the major factors that affect investment environment and hampers the investment attraction. In Turkish political system the existence of corruption as a pervasive, entrenched, and enduring problem has long been an open secret. These positive trends are reflected by the World Banks worldwide governance indicators, with Turkey scoring 57,9 on a 0 to 100 scale in terms of control of corruption compared to 42,9 in 2000 (World Bank, 2010a). However, despite these positive developments, other indicators suggest that the country remains confronted to challenges of rampant corruption, and weak enforcement of anti-corruption policies. Turkey performs below average in Transparency Internationals 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index, with a score of 4,2 on a 0 (highly corrupt) to 10 (highly clean) scale, indicating relatively high levels of public sector corruption (Transparency International, 2011). Turkeys Extent of corruption shows potential risks if BreadTalk entry into this market. BreadTalk can encounter excessive bureaucracy, a slow judicial system, weaknesses in corporate governance, unpredictable decisions made at the local government level, and frequent changes in the legal and regulatory environment. As such, even investors who brave the reports of corruption and attempt to establish businesses in Turkey may still find their efforts thwarted. Fortunately, Turkish politicians have been vocal about fighting corruption in recent years. In February 2010, Turkey adopted a national anti-corruption strategy 2010-2014 2.1.3 Terrorism The Republic of Turkey is one of the many countries that have been struggling with terrorism for decades. The risk of loss due to acts of political violence remains a prominent worry for investors as well as foreign firms. In Turkey the current political challenges is the series of violent terrorist attacks that have happened in the country due to Islamic extremist, Kurdish radicals, Turkish militants that may have link with Al-Qaeda. This is a disadvantage for host country and investor_ Breadtalk. An understanding of terrorism will help BreadTalk has been prepared to limit risks. 2.1.4 Relationship between Singapore and Turkey Relationship between Singapore and Turkey has been continuing unabated despite negative effects of the global economic crisis. Total trade volume between Turkey and Singapore has maintained a steady level of 1 billion USD. As of 2010, exports to Singapore reached 567.9 million USD, whereas our imports were at the level of 341.5 million USD. At present, there are 49 Singaporean companies operating in Turkey. (Relationship between Singapore and Turkey, 2011) In 2012, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Ali Babacan visited Singapore where he met with Singapore President Tony Tan, Deputy Prime Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Minister of Foreign Affairs K. Shanmugam and Minister for Trade and Industry Lim Hng Kiang (Julia Ng, 2012). The two leaders agreed to further deepen bilateral cooperation across different sectors including trade, investments and finance. So Turkey and Singapore is now enjoying warm relation. That is a positive factor for BreadTalk who intend to go into Turkey market. To look back on political panorama of Turkey we can conclude that Turkey is one of the investors with the ratio between the risk and the most profitable in the world. In addition, the intervention of Turkey in Syria, the delay to join the European Union and the countrys corruption was also disturbing. 2.2 Economic Turkeys economic is risen from the financial crisis in 2000-2001, which became the fastest growing economy among the countries in the Organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD), the second fastest of the G20 group to grow 9% in 2010 and 8.5 percent in 2011 (CNBC/VOA, 2011). Turkey became a destination for investors. The market size and market share of BreadTalk may be affected by so many elements of the economy. In this part, well analysis factors such as GDP, recession, inflation, income and unemployment rate to finding opportunity for BreadTalk in Turkey. 2.2.1 GDP growth rate and GDP per capitalC:UsersInspironDesktopindexmundi_ex66.jpgC:UsersInspironDesktopindexmundi_ex67.jpg Graph 2: GDP per capita (PPP) (US$) Graph 3: GDP real growth rate (%) Source: CIA World Factbook, 2011 The Turkish economy has shown remarkable performance with its steady growth over the last nine years. The structural reforms, hastened by Turkeys EU accession process, have paved the way for comprehensive changes in a number of areas. The economy grew with an average annual real GDP growth rate of 5.2 percent over the past nine years between 2002 and 2011 (CIA World Factbook, 2011). Together with stable economic growth, GDP per capita in Turkey increased steadily rising from about USD 7,000 in 2000 to USD 17,000 in 2011 (CIA World Factbook, 2011). This means that the index has more than doubled in nine years. Significant improvements in such a short period of time have registered Turkey on the world economic scale as an exceptional emerging economy, the 17th largest economy in the world and the 5th largest economy when compared with the EU countries, according to GDP figures in 2011 (IMF World Economic Outlook, 2012). While many economies have been unable to recover from the recent g lobal financial recession, the Turkish economy expanded by 9.2 percent in 2010, and 8.5 percent in 2011, thus standing out as the fastest growing economy in Europe, and one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Moreover, according to the OECD, Turkey is expected to be the fastest growing economy of the OECD members during 2011-2017, with an annual average growth rate of 6.7 percent (OECD Economic Outlook No: 86, 2011). Clearly, the economic scenario of Turkey is somewhat optimistic and bright for the future if BreadTalk entry into Turkey. 2.2.2 Recession Many experts have said that is clearly facing a major crisis in the world economy, the Turkish economy is showing extraordinary performance. In commentary in The Wall Street, Turkeys economic performance was compared to that of the Asian Tigers (Etyen, 2011). Turkeys unemployment rate has decreased strongly. In other words, the Turkish economy has created jobs for the idle labor force by increasing industrial labor. Graph 4: Unemployment rate (%) Source: CIA World Factbook, 2011 The current account deficit (CAD), the only problem in the Turkish economy, has shown a tendency towards stability and will cease to be a problem when the growth rate declines. In addition, it should be noted that although the deficit is currently rising, the rate of the countrys total amount of debt as compared to gross domestic product (GDP) has declined. So even though the CAD has increased, external savings have played a role to clear the debts. Furthermore, exports grew significantly despite rising currency exchange rates. We can show that the global recession will have a limited impact on Turkey economy. However, the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages is necessary if BreadTalk penetrated the market when the global economy is difficult. Disadvantages during recession time Advantages during recession time Reduced profits due to escalating cost and declining income. The unpredictable behavior of customers also affects the sales revenue. The competition becomes fiercer. The worse is the bankruptcy and new company like BreadTalk is not an exception. Recession also includes the stock markets and property markets to fall dramatically. BreadTalk can invest when price of stock and property are low and wait until the economy goes back to the boom cycle and then the investments will be worth quite a lot more. A lot of support from the government if BreadTalk penetrated at this time. A part of the company can be creating for people. Table 1: Disadvantages and Advantages during recession time in Turkey 2.2.3 Inflation The inflation rate is also crucial for marketers to look deeper that could influence the sales volume of products and bring in profits. In the past nine years, Turkey has experienced remarkable disinflation (from an average of 70.4% in the period of 1993-2002 to single-digit rates) as well as a marked decline in the volatility of inflation. Turkeys inflation rate, measured by the consumer price index, declined from an average of 70.4% in the period of 1993-2002 to 6.4% at the end of 2010, the lowest reading in over four decades. During the course of 2011, the CPI inflation rate increased from 6.4% in December 2010 to 10.45% in December 2011. (CIA World Factbook, 2011)http://www.hazine.org.tr/en2/economy/inflation2011.gif Although, their inflation rates have decreased in Turkey but tend to rise up again. The main causes leading to a strong increase of inflation is due to the rising price of energy, commodities and food. This will affect the UK operations of BreadTalk in Turkey. For the case of BreadTalk, the leaders should consider some disadvantages below: High inflation will affect purchasing power of customers. Buyers are afraid of the price increases. Since then, the companys profit will be affected. High inflation also affects the disposable incomes of different group of people. As the price of goods keeps increasing, the living expenditure also rises. As a result, Buyers will conservative in spending and corporate profits decreased significantly. High inflation lead to management costs such as raw material costs, marketing costs and employees salary also escalate. High inflation will discourage the investment from international companies like BreadTalk. Because the Government must have the policy to cope with inflation and the willingness of government to attract foreign investment. To look back on economical panorama of Turkey we can conclude that a sound macroeconomic strategy in combination with prudent fiscal policies and major structural reforms in effect since 2002 has integrated the Turkish economy into the globalized world, become the 167th largest economy in the world and the 5th largest economy when compared with the EU countries (IMF World Economic Outlook, 2012). And when BreadTalk is setting objectives and strategy for the future in Turkey market, economic growth is a positive factor to consider. 2.3 Social Analysis social and cultural aspects of Turkey will give BreadTalk a wider view on choosing the right products, the appropriate advertisements and marketing approaches. 2.3.1 Population Turkeys social strength that the Turkish have a growing proportion of young population which the Turkish government can use to create new job by encouraging and training them up to have new skills and qualified to work in different sectors and this will be a national advantage for having a very skill-full workforce. Turkey was already one of the most populous and young people nations in Europe. C:UsersInspironDesktopindexmundi_ex21.jpg Graph 6: Age structure in Turkey Graph 7: Population growth in Turkey Source: CIA World Factbook, 2012 More than half of its population is under the age 25. The countrys population has grown from 65.7 million in 2000 to over 79.6 million in 2012. Over 2012-2020, Turkeys population is projected to expand by 8.3% , according to mid-year statistics, overtaking Germany to become the most populated nation in Western Europe (Turkeys Population Young and Rapidly Expanding, 2012). There are obvious opportunities for BreadTalk when the company entry into Turkey such as: With a market size more than 78 million people, Turkey becomes a very potential market for many global companies. And with BreadTalk, their main market in Turkey will should be Istanbul area. With its young population, food and beverage consumption and production are both increasing in Turkey Population growth rate will create a dynamic consumer market and a potential market for BreadTalk to penetrate. The young population offers a responsive workforce. 2.3.2 Culture Cultural differences may be the most important problem to developing globally accepted marketing strategies (H. Lee, et al., 2007). So, learning about cultural of life and food influence how the business strategy of BreadTalk in Turkey. The Turkish culture is very rich. It is influenced by the ancient history of Anatolia, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Eastern Europe, and Aegean culture. Today, this heritage also determines the cultural life of Turkey. The culture of tolerance for all religions and languages living together in peace, spread from Istanbul to Anatolia. This tradition of tolerance is one of the most important inheritances that Turkey can share with the world. In Business Culture, Turkish business culture is built on trust and familiarity; it is important to take the time to establish personal relationships with your Turkish contacts in order to succeed in business there. Since most Turks are devout Muslims, meetings should be scheduled around the five daily Islamic prayer times. Be sure to arrive on time, as Turks place high importance on punctuality. Business is often discussed over restaurant dinners in Turkey. In Cultural food, Turkish cuisine includes many different stews of vegetables and meat (lamb and beef primarily); borek, kebab, and dolma dishes; and a sourdough bread eaten with almost every meal. Borek is a pastry made of many thin layers of dough interspersed with cheese, spinach, and/or ground meat. Kebab is the common word for meat roasted in pieces or slices on a skewer or as meatballs on a grill. Dolma is the generic name for dishes made of vegetables (tomatoes and peppers) and leaves (grape, cabbage, and eggplant) that are stuffed with or wrapped around rice or bulgur pilaf. The Turkey has habit of eating bread. Both bread and water are considered holy. Bread is a source of energy. It is the most inexpensive source of calories needed by the human body. This would be advantageous for BreadTalk however it also means that the market has a lot of competitors. Turkish beverages include tea, coffee, ayran (buttermilk), boza (a fermented bulgur drink taken in the winter), and rakà ® (an aniseed-flavored brandy usually mixed with water). Carbonated drinks have become popular with young people, and beer gardens in major cities have become hangouts for men. The major food taboo in Turkey is pork, which is forbidden to Muslims. Cultural analysis gives an overview of social Turkey. Thereby, BreadTalk has to consider this for their marketing plan in Turkey: A highly effective way of expanding a business of BreadTalk in Turkey is through television commercials and newspaper, word of mouth The company should be aware of Islamic traditions and sensitivities With the turkey, meat and bread make an inseparable combination. Because BreadTalk should make products that fit and avoid combined with pork. If BreadTalk open system restaurants chain in Turkey is a potential because people have a habit of going to a restaurant on the weekends and business is often discussed over restaurant dinners. 2.3.3 Consumption Patterns The food industry and beverage of Turkey has received a steady growth in recent years, with the Turkish consumers becoming more demanding, driven by the multitude of choices provided by the mass grocery retail. Besides, Turkey has become one of the largest markets for its goods baked with bread a key element of the Turkish diet leading to leading to some of the highest rates of per capita consumption in the world. It provides opportunities for profitable investment BreadTalk. Turkey has traditional eating habits that remain stable in the majority of the population. Turkey is one of the largest markets, with rising incomes, packaged bread consumption presents an increase and at the same time, demand for different bread varieties, such as high-fibre and specialty artisan breads offer an opportunity for this high profit market. 2.4 Technological Technological progress has contributed to the economic development of the country and has an important factor in their competition. In the future as well, scientific and technological progress is expected to follow the destination provided by economic policies and competitive strategies. Turkey has well-developed infrastructure throughout much of the country that is capable of supporting significant development. Turkey has made many reforms to its infrastructure sector. Besides, the development of the internet is also seen as an effective factor in the business environment of BreadTalk. The number of Internet users has been rising rapidly in Turkey and standing at 15th place around the world, according to CIA, the World Factbook (2011) Graph 8: Internet users in TurkeyC:UsersInspironDesktopindexmundi_ex118.jpg Source: CIA World Factbook, 2011 The development of the Internet in the social life of the Turkey will support BreadTalk greatly: Internet will become a tool to promote the brand, and an introduction to the business. This will help save advertising costs. BreadTalk can take this as a distribution channel in the form of online business with customers buying large quantities 2.5 Environmental One of the environmental strengths in Turkeys is the prosperous biodiversity they have. Turkey has a very affluent natural resource base and has ranked ninth on biodiversity in the European countries. Examples of the type of biodiversity they have are not only a range of wild species but important domestic species such as wheat, lentils, chickpeas, pears, apple, chestnut and pistachios. The biodiversity has a very great potential for the development for Turkey and this is an advantage for BreadTalk because it will provide abundant and cheap raw materials. However, challenges of the current environmental in Turkey are the high pollution levels and need protect. 2.5.1 Pollution Turkeys economic development has brought with it fears of increased environmental degradation. Graph 9: 2010 Pollution Indexes in Turkey Source: http://www.clrsearch.com, 2010 The chart shows that the level of pollution of Turkey is alarming. Most of the air pollution is caused by household heating, traffic, industrial sites, the discharge of pollutants by neighboring countries has contaminated the Black Sea So, today government of Turkey has many activities to protect the environment as environmental Pollution Fines. BreadTalk should know the environment situation of Turkey to not be infringed. In addition, the company should also be the same with the government to protect environment to build brand image with the consumers. 2.5.2 Environmental protection Environment protection is very critical right now in Turkey. Business has to strictly follow the rule that imposed by host country government. However, there are also some other motives for BreadTalk when entering Turkey to environment protection such as: BreadTalk will also carry out some program for going green in their Turkey stores such as reduce paper using, switch off the light, limited plastic bags and encourage the staff to use public transportation. This brings beautiful images for BreadTalk in the minds of employees, customers and government. Environment protection achieve comparative advantage terms of cost saving, offering more benefits to consumers and being friendly with the environment. BreadTalk could take advantage of environment protection campaign and attend some environmental awards of the government to keep in touch with them. This will help company dealing with governmental issues. Environment protection as a way of branding to make BreadTalk familiar and deep in mind of customers 2.6 Legal 2.6.1 Law The legal strengths in Turkeys is the comprehensive legal structure they have. The judicial system is made up of general courts which deal with domestic cases, heavy penal courts which deal with more serious case, military courts which will deal with the military cases and the Constitutional Court which is the highest level of courts that will deal with many different cases which is essential in the Turkish government such as war crimes. This is an advantage for BreadTalk as this shows that the Turkish government are strict on the law and will enforce the law if need be, it will allow the company to have a fair trial. Another legal advantage in Turkey would be the robust framework for the business entities, as the company who are looking to invest into Turkey will not need to go through a very long and lengthy business registration process as there is a freedom to start, operate and close a business by the Turkish regulatory environment. so for example in Turkey, it will take on average 6 day to starting up a business compared to 43 days in the other world countries which is a much longer time and could be beneficial for the type of market the company is involved with. This is advantage for BreadTalk when company entry into Turkey because BreadTalk will not lose many time. BreadTalk is food and beverages company because the company pay attention to the Food Safety regulation. The HACCP quality assurance system was introduced in 1995 in Turkey and since 2008 according to the Regulation on Inspection and Control of Food Safety and Quality all food manufacturers must apply HACCP as compulsory (Food quality assurance schemes in Turkey, 2011). To protect customers and increase the prestige of the brand, BreadTalk should be combined with organization and obey the law. 2.6.2 Tax One of reasons that BreadTalk should invest in Turkey is low taxes and incentives: Corporate Income Tax reduced from 30 percent to 20 percent Individual Income Tax varies from 15 percent to 35 percent Tax benefits and incentives in Technology Development Zones, Industrial Zones and Free Zones could include total or partial exemption from Corporate Income Tax, up to 80 percent grant on employers social security share, as well as land allocation. New RD and Innovation Support Law Region and sector-based incentive system 3. Conclusion Analyzing PESTEL for the business environment of Turkey gives BreadTalk a wider and deeper view on Turkey to come up with the decision to enter Turkey market. Turkey can best withstand before the global financial crisis. In addition, Turkey attracts investors by young labor force, capable, modern infrastructure, large domestic market, a number of free trade agreement, investment environment freeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Besides, one of the current challenges of BreadTalk is the high rate of inflation, corruption, terrorism.

Echelon: Considerations with International Communications Monitoring :: Technology

Echelon: Considerations with International Communications Monitoring Introduction Since the invention of radio, intelligence-gathering organizations have been developing and using eavesdropping techniques to intercept and review wireless communications. Initially, these capabilities were solely used to spy on hostile nations, and particularly for military purposes. Human operators had to manually review each transmission, and cryptanalysts pored over military ciphers in an attempt to decode important messages. As wireless communication has become an integral part of commercial and individual existence, and potential threats to security are increasingly found in peacetime and on home ground, the scope of this intelligence gathering has likewise broadened. One of the most controversial eavesdropping systems in existence is a classified project known as ‘Echelon.’ Its use of computer hardware and software to filter communications from all over the world brings up many ethical issues related to the impact of computers on privacy. Overview of Echelon Most of the evidence for Echelon is circumstantial, though a few facts have been established. The participating organizations (notably the US Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency) have neither confirmed nor denied its existence. In lieu of a discussion of the ethical issues, a brief summary of the current knowledge follows. How it Works Echelon is the product of Cold War efforts to monitor wireless communications in the USSR. It traces its roots back to the clandestine UKUSA alliance, a communications intelligence agreement that dates back from around 1947. Member nations include the US, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. It is now known that the system has been in existence for at least 20 years.[1] In the past, high frequency radio listening posts were also used to listen to radio communications. Currently, the system is composed of a series of eavesdropping satellites, ground listening stations, and supercomputers that intercept and sift through telecommunications satellite broadcasts. These broadcasts include faxes, phone calls, and web traffic- especially those dispatched over long distances.[2] The term Echelon has never actually been mentioned by officials, but is believed to represent the computer system that manages the data gathered by the network.[3] The computers are used to store and ana lyze text data for key words, and to review telephone conversations for unique ‘voiceprints’ or the phone numbers of persons under surveillance.[4] This makes it possible to filter an enormous amount of traffic, since human analysts review only relevant messages. The US National Security Agency (NSA) is widely considered to be both the originator and head of the project, and likely owns and operates the major computer facilities for Echelon. Echelon: Considerations with International Communications Monitoring :: Technology Echelon: Considerations with International Communications Monitoring Introduction Since the invention of radio, intelligence-gathering organizations have been developing and using eavesdropping techniques to intercept and review wireless communications. Initially, these capabilities were solely used to spy on hostile nations, and particularly for military purposes. Human operators had to manually review each transmission, and cryptanalysts pored over military ciphers in an attempt to decode important messages. As wireless communication has become an integral part of commercial and individual existence, and potential threats to security are increasingly found in peacetime and on home ground, the scope of this intelligence gathering has likewise broadened. One of the most controversial eavesdropping systems in existence is a classified project known as ‘Echelon.’ Its use of computer hardware and software to filter communications from all over the world brings up many ethical issues related to the impact of computers on privacy. Overview of Echelon Most of the evidence for Echelon is circumstantial, though a few facts have been established. The participating organizations (notably the US Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency) have neither confirmed nor denied its existence. In lieu of a discussion of the ethical issues, a brief summary of the current knowledge follows. How it Works Echelon is the product of Cold War efforts to monitor wireless communications in the USSR. It traces its roots back to the clandestine UKUSA alliance, a communications intelligence agreement that dates back from around 1947. Member nations include the US, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. It is now known that the system has been in existence for at least 20 years.[1] In the past, high frequency radio listening posts were also used to listen to radio communications. Currently, the system is composed of a series of eavesdropping satellites, ground listening stations, and supercomputers that intercept and sift through telecommunications satellite broadcasts. These broadcasts include faxes, phone calls, and web traffic- especially those dispatched over long distances.[2] The term Echelon has never actually been mentioned by officials, but is believed to represent the computer system that manages the data gathered by the network.[3] The computers are used to store and ana lyze text data for key words, and to review telephone conversations for unique ‘voiceprints’ or the phone numbers of persons under surveillance.[4] This makes it possible to filter an enormous amount of traffic, since human analysts review only relevant messages. The US National Security Agency (NSA) is widely considered to be both the originator and head of the project, and likely owns and operates the major computer facilities for Echelon.

Government Censorship of Music Misguided :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Government Censorship of Music Misguided Granted, there are entertainers in the music business who, as Tipper Gore says in "Curbing the Sexploitation Industry," want to send the message that "sadomasochism is the essence of sex," so that they can make a not-so-honest dollar. As Charlene Choy says in "Romantic Rot," some performers will scream about anything, including "suicide, sadism, incest, [and] bestiality," if it will make them stand out and turn a bigger profit than another musician. Still, Gore and Choy are missing the essence of modern rock. To explain which aspect of modern rock Gore and Choy have overlooked, I will define rock in a broader sense than many people use in their day-to-day conversation: for the purposes of this argument, I will define "rock music" to mean any form of music which has emerged since the 1940's which has had enough popularity to allow people to identify themselves as a member of a group based on the type of music to which they listen. Therefore, types of music as diverse as disco, heavy metal, rap, classic rock (from the 1950's through the 1970's), "grunge," pop, industrial rock, and country-western will be covered under this definition. What Gore and Choy have misunderstood is the way that music can create bonds between people, both between individual fans of a particular group and between the singer and an individual fan. People can learn how others think and can learn more about themselves through the sometimes-brutal reality of modern musical lyrics. Nirvana's song "Dumb" can show popular people how it feels to go through high school as a social outcast. The music of Garbage and L7 can give men a glimpse of the female mind. The music of Nine Inch Nails and the Gin Blossoms can take sane people on a trip through the mind of someone who is losing his (or her) sanity. Music can also help people, particularly those going through painful times (such as adolescence) to understand that they are not alone and that other people have the same feelings that they do. After grunge-rock superstar Kurt Cobain committed suicide in April 1994, one fan wrote to Rolling Stone magazine describing how the music of Cobain's band, Nirvana, made her feel. "I could be feeling like total shit," wrote Carrie Loy, "and hear a Nirvana song and end up feeling renewed afterward.

James A. Michners: TEXAS :: essays research papers

In this magnificent historical novel, James A. Michner skillfully combines fact and fiction to present one of our most expansive and diversified states. Spanning nearly four and a half centuries, Michner begins with the first Spaniards to explore parts of present day Texas, Cabeza de Vaca and Francisco Vasquez de Coronado and continues on to the emergence of Texas as one of our most powerful states. Michner’s use of historical fact is extremely accurate in his portrayal of events in Texas history. Particularly when he writes of the fight for Independence from Mexico. Michner only strays to fiction in an attempt to illustrate to the reader what the lives of early Texans must have been like. His characters interact with actual historical figures and create very believable scenarios of the events depicted in his novel. One Scenario in particular is the Battle of San Jacinto. This is a historical event which ended in a decisive victory for the Texas Army and Independence for Texas. Michner’s depiction of this battle is very accurate except for two important points. In his novel, Stephen F. Austin is sent to destroy a ferry owned by a former lover, Mattie Quimper. This was to prevent the Mexican Army, under the command of General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, from crossing the river and give more time to the Texans to prepare for the inevitable battle. This incident is fictional, but it is similar- to another factual event. At San Jacinto, General Sam Houston sent one of his men to destroy a bridge crossing the San Jacinto River. This was to prevent reinforcements from joining Santa Anna’s forces, which were already on the Island. The second point which was fictional ,but was based on an actual event, was the capture of General Santa Anna. In Michner’s novel, a bumbling Yancy Quimper, comes across a half naked Santa Anna, who was trying to evade capture by hiding in the trees. Quimper, being a coward, nearly shoots himself in the process. This alerts another fictional character, Otto MacNab. MacNab takes Santa Anna into custody and presents him to General Houston. In actuality, a Texas Army Sergeant captured Santo Anna the day following the battle. Michner includes these fictional characters as part of a sub-plot designed to keep the reader interested in what is a purely military campaign. He remains true to historical facts and only adds fiction to color his amazing storytelling abilities.

Macbeth-How Was the Witches Ported in Polanskis Movies and Shakespeare’s Book

Choose one principal character in the Shakespeare play you have studied compare the presentation of your chosen character in the play with the presentation of the same character in an adaptation of the play . Use examples from both the play and adaptation in your response. The Character I have chosen are the Witches . The witches have a big effect in the play, not only are they evil, but this is emphasized by the hate against witches and witchcraft in Elizabethan times. In the book the witches are first portrayed as scary and dangerous because of the surroundings thunder and lightning on a moor is an evil image: we associate thunder and lightning with scary and dangerous things, also the moor is a very lonely place. One of the witches asks the other witches â€Å"when shall we three meet again, In thunder, lightnig or in rain† By the witch asking this it makes the reader think why would they want to meet in dangerous weather, maybe they witches like the scary weather. The Witches language is also very evil and powerful. â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair; hover through the fog and filthy air† This quote tells me that the Witches have a hatred for anything good, and their love for things good. Shakespeare could have used internal rhyme to emphasise the evilness. When Macbeth meets the witches at first they greet him as â€Å"Thee thane of Cawdor† and even more as †That shalt be king† This shows that the witches are not normal human creatures because they could be suggesting that they can see into the future. In Polanski’s movie the witches are first seen on the beach burying a hand, a rope and a dagger these items could be representing Macbeth’s future. The hand could represent the witches forcing Macbeths hand. A rope because the Thane of Cawdor was hanged. Finally the dagger because Macbeth stabs Banquo and king Duncan. Macbeth also see’s Banquos ghost carrying a dagger. Also in the movie the witches are portrayed as ugly and are dressed poorly, this could mean that they don’t care about they’re appearance. Overall the witches might not be all evil because they never lied to Macbeth, they just gave half truths.

Catering operations

Patrons will be able to book on the internet the time they would prefer their food to be served. Well trained front of the house staff should take reservations, after reservations are done patrons should e welcomed to the restaurant and escorted to their tables and staff should hold chairs for women. I will make sure that all front of the house staff that is going to serve the food should know all the dishes and the ingredients in them. Waiters and waitress should be able to dish food on the tables and defining the fish when It Is served.Linen should always be clean and must be changed If a patron leaves the table. Bar will make sure that my bar Is always stocked with the best wines, that can be paired with the dishes on menu for example champagnes, brandy, liquors, splats, ciders, lagers and the best coffee. I will employee an experienced manager who is experienced to run both the bar and the kitchen. Atmosphere: I will use the best available fine china, glassware and flat ware. Cla ssic music should be played not too loud to overpower the patron's conversation and the lights should be dimmed (romantic).I am going to produce Italian food, because it is health. The food is not too refined and it contains nutrients that help to reduce some chronic diseases. Fresh fruits and vegetables are important in traditional Italian cuisine. Many vegetables, fruits and herbs that are used in Italian dishes, such as tomatoes, spinach, leafy Renee, citrus fruit, onions and garlic contain low calories and fat. The food Is high In nutrient value, Like vitamin A which is good for healthy balloons and iron which transport oxygen throughout the body and Is essential for chemical reactions In the body.Dietary fiber Is always available In traditional Italian cuisine and It Is health and good for the digestive system. Fiber also reduces blood cholesterol levels, maintains sources of healthy fats. Olive oil and seafood contains omega-3 fatty acids that helps to prevent heart diseases a nd reduces blood pressure. Eating fresh tomatoes educes the risk for prostate cancer. I have chosen Italian food because I have experience in cooking the dishes and making pizzas . 1 have been working in Italian restaurant for long and I feel I will have enough knowledge about the dishes.Italian food is one of the best cuisines in the world and it also cheap and easy to cook. I am going to use ala carte menu because patrons have: Choice of food – Ala carte have an advantage of having a wide range of dishes with a flexible menu. I make my restaurant have ala carte menu with at least three dishes to choose from per course. This will be an advantage because a variety will tend to please all customers. Price – Ala carte menus are clearly priced from starters to deserts. These will an advantage as the customers will know exactly the cost of their dishes.Meals are priced according to the ingredients used for example vegetarian dishes will be cheaper than the meat dishes. Cus tomers will know the cost before ordering the food, which prevent customers from being presented with unexpected bill at the end of dining Flexibility -A la carte menus have the advantage of being flexible. Ala carte meals also cater for a wide range of customers with efferent needs. Starters and side orders are sold at low prices than the mains which can substitute for a meal for other customers.For so customers who require more food, they can order as much as they want for example they can order two deserts instead of one. Customers are free to order exactly the food they want. A la carte menus are at an advantage to the fixed price because customers can order what they want at the quantity they want and won't feel like they are they have been over charged. I will employee two chef De Patti, an apprentice commits chef and two kitchen porters. I will be the head chef of the restaurant.Since the restaurant will be opening 6 days a week and closed on Mondays, one chef De Patti will b e working three days a week(to cover me when I am off, to cover another chef De Patti and to cover the commits chef when he is of unless when it is busy that's when he/she can work. On the kitchen porters, one will be part time to cover if the other one is off, he/ she can work if the restaurant is busy. Hiring apprentice, the company will benefit from wage subsidies from the government. The company will also benefit in training the chef on how to cook the dishes.Kitchen staff hierarchy will be as follows; will train my staff on how to cook the dishes and ways to avoid wastage of food. I will be responsible for ordering stock and monitoring the stock level dairy. In the kitchen during services I will be cooking main courses, plating and sending the food. On busy days when they is another chef De Patti, my duties will be calling out orders, plating the food and garnishing the food. Chef De partier will be responsible for preparing main course dishes, cooking starters and he/she can h elp anyone in the kitchen if he/ she does not have work to do.He/she can also make desserts if the commits chef is busy doing other Jobs. The commits chef will do cold starters, pizzas and he can also do desserts. Kitchen porter will be responsible for washing the plates, cutlery, cleaning of the kitchen, helping the commits chef with Jobs like washing and peeling of vegetables. They are so many factors that I looked at when I made my menu. One of the factors is Availability of foods; I looked at the ingredients that I can get in the local market . 1 have also consider ingredients in the season. Food habits; I have also done a survey to see the kind of food people prefer to eat.I also considered the culture, traditions and beliefs. Patrons prefer to dine where their beliefs and practices are not violated. Budget; I also took into consideration when I was doing the menu. I avoided food that does not last for long. I looked at dishes that I will spend less money to buy them but brings more money. Time available; food preparation must meet deadlines. Quick service is one good asset in the catering industry. Customers must be served with their order in a short period of time. Type of customers; when I came up with the menu I considered the type of customers I will e serving.I will be mainly serving a wide range of people so the menu will cater for different people Dietary requirements; I have also considered people with special dietary needs like vegans, vegetarian, vivo-lacertian, lacertian, nut allergic, diabetic and celiac. Weather; during summer months the restaurants will provide outdoor table and the menu will change to differentiate from summer and winter. Occasions; the menu will cater for different occasions for example during Christmas, Christmas dinners will be served. Staff and facilities; to make the menu I have considered the Taft I will have to employ in order to cook the food.There must be appropriate facilities for staff to work on. The layout in the kitchen makes it easy for staff to work on efficiently. Marketing of the menu; I will be changing the menu every two weeks, so the new menu needs to be marketed. I will market my menu using marketing strategy like inviting well known customers for tasting, hiring someone to distribute leaflets to businesses and community, Joining companies like group to do the marketing for you, using local newspaper to market the menu and using billboard and put it outside the restaurant.